FT3Layer.cxx

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// Copyright 2019-2020 CERN and copyright holders of ALICE O2.
// See https://alice-o2.web.cern.ch/copyright for details of the copyright holders.
// All rights not expressly granted are reserved.
//
// This software is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public
// License v3 (GPL Version 3), copied verbatim in the file "COPYING".
//
// In applying this license CERN does not waive the privileges and immunities
// granted to it by virtue of its status as an Intergovernmental Organization
// or submit itself to any jurisdiction.
 
 
#include "FT3Simulation/FT3Layer.h"
#include "FT3Base/GeometryTGeo.h"
#include "FT3Base/FT3BaseParam.h"
#include "FT3Simulation/FT3ModuleConstants.h"
 
#include <TGeoManager.h>        // for TGeoManager, gGeoManager
#include <TGeoMatrix.h>         // for TGeoCombiTrans, TGeoRotation, etc
#include <TGeoTube.h>           // for TGeoTube, TGeoTubeSeg
#include <TGeoArb8.h>           // for TGeoTrap
#include <TGeoVolume.h>         // for TGeoVolume, TGeoVolumeAssembly
#include <TGeoCompositeShape.h> // for TGeoCompositeShape
#include "TMathBase.h"          // for Abs
#include <TMath.h>              // for Sin, RadToDeg, DegToRad, Cos, Tan, etc
 
class TGeoMedium;
 
using namespace TMath;
using namespace o2::ft3;
 
ClassImp(FT3Layer);
 
FT3Layer::~FT3Layer() = default;
 
TGeoMaterial* FT3Layer::carbonFiberMat = nullptr;
TGeoMedium* FT3Layer::medCarbonFiber = nullptr;
 
TGeoMixture* FT3Layer::kaptonMat = nullptr;
TGeoMedium* FT3Layer::kaptonMed = nullptr;
 
TGeoMaterial* FT3Layer::waterMat = nullptr;
TGeoMedium* FT3Layer::waterMed = nullptr;
 
TGeoMaterial* FT3Layer::foamMat = nullptr;
TGeoMedium* FT3Layer::medFoam = nullptr;
 
FT3Layer::FT3Layer(Int_t layerDirection, Int_t layerNumber, std::string layerName, Float_t z, Float_t rIn, Float_t rOut, Float_t Layerx2X0, bool partOfMiddleLayers)
{
  // Creates a simple parametrized EndCap layer covering the given
  // pseudorapidity range at the z layer position
  mDirection = layerDirection;
  mLayerNumber = layerNumber;
  mIsMiddleLayer = partOfMiddleLayers;
  mLayerName = layerName;
  mZ = layerDirection ? std::abs(z) : -std::abs(z);
  mx2X0 = Layerx2X0;
  mInnerRadius = rIn;
  mOuterRadius = rOut;
  const double Si_X0 = 9.5;
  mChipThickness = Layerx2X0 * Si_X0;
  mSensorThickness = 0.005; // assume 50 microns of active thickness (for sensor volumes for trapezoidal disks)
 
  // Sanity checks
  if (std::isnan(mZ)) {
    LOG(fatal) << "FT3 Layer " << mLayerNumber << " has z = NaN, which is not a valid number.";
  }
  if (mZ < 0.001 && mZ > -0.001) {
    LOG(fatal) << "FT3 Layer " << mLayerNumber << " has z = " << mZ << " cm, which is very close to 0.";
  }
 
  LOG(info) << "Creating FT3 Layer " << mLayerNumber << " ; direction " << mDirection;
  LOG(info) << "   Using silicon X0 = " << Si_X0 << " to emulate layer radiation length.";
  LOG(info) << "   Layer z = " << mZ << " ; R_in = " << mInnerRadius << " ; R_out = " << mOuterRadius << " ; x2X0 = " << mx2X0 << " ; ChipThickness = " << mChipThickness;
}
 
void FT3Layer::initialize_mat()
{
 
  if (carbonFiberMat) {
    return;
  }
 
  carbonFiberMat = new TGeoMaterial("CarbonFiber", 12.0, 6.0, 1.6);
  medCarbonFiber = new TGeoMedium("CarbonFiber", 1, carbonFiberMat);
 
  auto* itsC = new TGeoElement("FT3_C", "Carbon", 6, 12.0107);
 
  auto* itsFoam = new TGeoMixture("FT3_Foam", 1);
  itsFoam->AddElement(itsC, 1);
  itsFoam->SetDensity(0.17);
 
  medFoam = new TGeoMedium("FT3_Foam", 1, itsFoam);
  foamMat = medFoam->GetMaterial();
 
  kaptonMat = new TGeoMixture("Kapton (cooling pipe)", 4, 1.346); // C22 H10 N2 O5
 
  kaptonMat->DefineElement(0, 12.0107, 6, 0.5641); // Carbon
  kaptonMat->DefineElement(1, 1.00794, 1, 0.2564); // Hydrogen
  kaptonMat->DefineElement(2, 14.0067, 7, 0.0513); // Nitrogen
  kaptonMat->DefineElement(3, 15.999, 8, 0.1282);  // Oxygen
  kaptonMed = new TGeoMedium("Kapton (cooling pipe)", 1, kaptonMat);
 
  waterMat = new TGeoMaterial("Water", 18.01528, 8.0, 1.064);
  waterMed = new TGeoMedium("Water", 2, waterMat);
}
 
static double y_circle(double x, double radius)
{
  return (x * x < radius * radius) ? std::sqrt(radius * radius - x * x) : 0;
}
 
void FT3Layer::createSeparationLayer_waterCooling(TGeoVolume* motherVolume, const std::string& separationLayerName)
{
 
  FT3Layer::initialize_mat();
 
  const double carbonFiberThickness = 0.01; // cm
  const double foamSpacingThickness = 0.5;  // cm
 
  TGeoTube* carbonFiberLayer = new TGeoTube(mInnerRadius, mOuterRadius, carbonFiberThickness / 2);
 
  // volumes
  TGeoVolume* carbonFiberLayerVol1 = new TGeoVolume((separationLayerName + "_CarbonFiber1").c_str(), carbonFiberLayer, medCarbonFiber);
  TGeoVolume* carbonFiberLayerVol2 = new TGeoVolume((separationLayerName + "_CarbonFiber2").c_str(), carbonFiberLayer, medCarbonFiber);
 
  carbonFiberLayerVol1->SetLineColor(kGray + 2);
  carbonFiberLayerVol2->SetLineColor(kGray + 2);
 
  const double zSeparation = foamSpacingThickness / 2.0 + carbonFiberThickness / 2.0;
 
  motherVolume->AddNode(carbonFiberLayerVol1, 1, new TGeoTranslation(0, 0, mZ - zSeparation));
  motherVolume->AddNode(carbonFiberLayerVol2, 1, new TGeoTranslation(0, 0, mZ + zSeparation));
 
  const double pipeOuterRadius = 0.20;
  const double kaptonThickness = 0.0025;
  const double pipeInnerRadius = pipeOuterRadius - kaptonThickness;
  const double pipeMaxLength = mOuterRadius * 2.0;
 
  int name_it = 0;
 
  // positions of the pipes depending on the overlap of the sensors inactive regions: (ALICE 3 dimensions)
  // partial:
  //  std::vector<double> X_pos = {-63.2, -58.4, -53.6, -48.8, -44.0, -39.199999999999996, -34.4, -29.599999999999994, -24.799999999999997, -19.999999999999993, -15.199999999999998, -10.399999999999993, -5.599999999999998, -0.7999999999999936, 4.000000000000002, 8.800000000000006, 13.600000000000001, 18.400000000000006, 23.200000000000003, 28.000000000000007, 32.800000000000004, 37.60000000000001, 42.400000000000006, 47.20000000000001, 52.00000000000001, 56.80000000000001, 61.60000000000001, 66.4};
  // complete:
  // std::vector<double> X_pos = {-63.4, -58.8, -54.199999999999996, -49.599999999999994, -44.99999999999999, -40.39999999999999, -35.79999999999999, -31.199999999999992, -26.59999999999999, -21.999999999999993, -17.39999999999999, -12.799999999999994, -8.199999999999992, -3.5999999999999934, 1.000000000000008, 5.600000000000007, 10.200000000000008, 14.800000000000008, 19.40000000000001, 24.000000000000007, 28.60000000000001, 33.20000000000001, 37.80000000000001, 42.40000000000001, 47.000000000000014, 51.600000000000016, 56.20000000000002, 60.80000000000002, 65.40000000000002};
  std::vector<double> X_pos = {-62.3168, -57.9836, -53.650400000000005, -49.317200000000014, -44.984000000000016, -40.65080000000002, -36.31760000000002, -31.984400000000026, -27.65120000000003, -23.318000000000037, -18.98480000000004, -14.651600000000043, -10.318400000000047, -5.98520000000005, -1.6520000000000519, 2.6811999999999445, 7.014399999999941, 11.347599999999936, 15.680799999999934, 20.01399999999993, 24.347199999999926, 28.68039999999992, 33.013599999999926, 37.34679999999992, 41.980000000000004, 46.613200000000006, 51.246399999999994, 55.87960000000001, 60.5128};
 
  for (double xPos : X_pos) {
 
    double pipeLength = pipeMaxLength;
    double yMax = 0.0;
 
    TGeoRotation* rotation = new TGeoRotation();
    rotation->RotateX(90);
 
    if (std::abs(xPos) < mInnerRadius) {
      double yInner = std::abs(y_circle(xPos, mInnerRadius));
      double yOuter = std::abs(y_circle(xPos, mOuterRadius));
 
      yMax = 2 * yOuter;
      pipeLength = yMax;
 
      double positiveYLength = yOuter - yInner;
 
      TGeoVolume* kaptonPipePos = new TGeoVolume((separationLayerName + "_KaptonPipePos_" + std::to_string(name_it)).c_str(), new TGeoTube(pipeInnerRadius, pipeOuterRadius, positiveYLength / 2), kaptonMed);
      kaptonPipePos->SetLineColor(kGray);
      TGeoVolume* waterVolumePos = new TGeoVolume((separationLayerName + "_WaterVolumePos_" + std::to_string(name_it)).c_str(), new TGeoTube(0.0, pipeInnerRadius, positiveYLength / 2), waterMed);
      waterVolumePos->SetLineColor(kBlue);
 
      motherVolume->AddNode(waterVolumePos, 1, new TGeoCombiTrans(xPos, (yInner + yOuter) / 2.0, mZ, rotation));
 
      TGeoVolume* kaptonPipeNeg = new TGeoVolume((separationLayerName + "_KaptonPipeNeg_" + std::to_string(name_it)).c_str(), new TGeoTube(pipeInnerRadius, pipeOuterRadius, positiveYLength / 2), kaptonMed);
      kaptonPipeNeg->SetLineColor(kGray);
      TGeoVolume* waterVolumeNeg = new TGeoVolume((separationLayerName + "_WaterVolumeNeg_" + std::to_string(name_it)).c_str(), new TGeoTube(0.0, pipeInnerRadius, positiveYLength / 2), waterMed);
      waterVolumeNeg->SetLineColor(kBlue);
 
      motherVolume->AddNode(waterVolumeNeg, 1, new TGeoCombiTrans(xPos, -(yInner + yOuter) / 2.0, mZ, rotation));
 
      motherVolume->AddNode(kaptonPipePos, 1, new TGeoCombiTrans(xPos, (yInner + yOuter) / 2.0, mZ, rotation));
      motherVolume->AddNode(kaptonPipeNeg, 1, new TGeoCombiTrans(xPos, -(yInner + yOuter) / 2.0, mZ, rotation));
 
    } else {
 
      double yOuter = std::abs(y_circle(xPos, mOuterRadius));
      yMax = 2 * yOuter;
      pipeLength = yMax;
 
      TGeoVolume* kaptonPipe = new TGeoVolume((separationLayerName + "_KaptonPipe_" + std::to_string(name_it)).c_str(), new TGeoTube(pipeInnerRadius, pipeOuterRadius, pipeLength / 2), kaptonMed);
      kaptonPipe->SetLineColor(kGray);
      TGeoVolume* waterVolume = new TGeoVolume((separationLayerName + "_WaterVolume_" + std::to_string(name_it)).c_str(), new TGeoTube(0.0, pipeInnerRadius, pipeLength / 2), waterMed);
      waterVolume->SetLineColor(kBlue);
 
      motherVolume->AddNode(waterVolume, 1, new TGeoCombiTrans(xPos, 0, mZ, rotation));
      motherVolume->AddNode(kaptonPipe, 1, new TGeoCombiTrans(xPos, 0, mZ, rotation));
    }
 
    name_it++;
  }
}
 
void FT3Layer::createSeparationLayer(TGeoVolume* motherVolume, const std::string& separationLayerName)
{
 
  FT3Layer::initialize_mat();
 
  constexpr double carbonFiberThickness = 0.01; // cm
  constexpr double foamSpacingThickness = 1.0;  // cm
 
  TGeoTube* carbonFiberLayer = new TGeoTube(mInnerRadius, mOuterRadius, carbonFiberThickness / 2);
  TGeoTube* foamLayer = new TGeoTube(mInnerRadius, mOuterRadius, foamSpacingThickness / 2);
 
  // volumes
  TGeoVolume* carbonFiberLayerVol1 = new TGeoVolume((separationLayerName + "_CarbonFiber1").c_str(), carbonFiberLayer, medCarbonFiber);
  TGeoVolume* foamLayerVol = new TGeoVolume((separationLayerName + "_Foam").c_str(), foamLayer, medFoam);
  TGeoVolume* carbonFiberLayerVol2 = new TGeoVolume((separationLayerName + "_CarbonFiber2").c_str(), carbonFiberLayer, medCarbonFiber);
 
  carbonFiberLayerVol1->SetLineColor(kGray + 2);
  foamLayerVol->SetLineColor(kBlack);
  foamLayerVol->SetFillColorAlpha(kBlack, 1.0);
  carbonFiberLayerVol2->SetLineColor(kGray + 2);
 
  const double zSeparation = foamSpacingThickness / 2.0 + carbonFiberThickness / 2.0;
 
  motherVolume->AddNode(carbonFiberLayerVol1, 1, new TGeoTranslation(0, 0, 0 - zSeparation));
  motherVolume->AddNode(foamLayerVol, 1, new TGeoTranslation(0, 0, 0));
  motherVolume->AddNode(carbonFiberLayerVol2, 1, new TGeoTranslation(0, 0, 0 + zSeparation));
}
 
void FT3Layer::createReferenceCircles(TGeoVolume* motherVolume, const std::string& name)
{
 
  // create reference circles at the inner and outer radius of the layer, for visualization purposes
  TGeoTube* innerCircle = new TGeoTube(mInnerRadius - 0.1, mInnerRadius + 0.1, 0.01);
  TGeoTube* outerCircle = new TGeoTube(mOuterRadius - 0.1, mOuterRadius + 0.1, 0.01);
  TGeoTube* outerCircleEdge = new TGeoTube(mOuterRadius + 3.3, mOuterRadius + 3.5, 0.01);
 
  TGeoVolume* innerCircleVol = new TGeoVolume((mLayerName + "_InnerCircle").c_str(), innerCircle, gGeoManager->GetMedium("FT3_AIR$"));
  TGeoVolume* outerCircleVol = new TGeoVolume((mLayerName + "_OuterCircle").c_str(), outerCircle, gGeoManager->GetMedium("FT3_AIR$"));
  TGeoVolume* outerCircleEdgeVol = new TGeoVolume((mLayerName + "_OuterCircleEdge").c_str(), outerCircleEdge, gGeoManager->GetMedium("FT3_AIR$"));
 
  innerCircleVol->SetLineColor(kRed);
  outerCircleVol->SetLineColor(kBlue);
  outerCircleEdgeVol->SetLineColor(kBlack);
 
  double z_position = mDirection ? 0.5 : -0.5;
 
  motherVolume->AddNode(innerCircleVol, 1, new TGeoTranslation(0, 0, z_position));
  motherVolume->AddNode(outerCircleVol, 1, new TGeoTranslation(0, 0, z_position));
  motherVolume->AddNode(outerCircleEdgeVol, 1, new TGeoTranslation(0, 0, z_position));
}
 
void FT3Layer::createLayer(TGeoVolume* motherVolume)
{
  auto& ft3Params = FT3BaseParam::Instance();
 
  if (mLayerNumber < 0) {
    LOG(fatal) << "Invalid layer number " << mLayerNumber << " for FT3 layer.";
  }
 
  LOG(info) << "FT3: ft3Params.layoutFT3 = " << ft3Params.layoutFT3
            << " Creating Layer " << mLayerNumber << " at z=" << mZ
            << " with direction " << mDirection;
 
  // ### options for ML and OT disk layout
  if (ft3Params.layoutFT3 == kTrapezoidal /*|| (mIsMiddleLayer && ft3Params.layoutFT3 == kSegmented)*/) {
    // trapezoidal ML+OT disks
    // (disks with TGeoTubes doesn'n work properly in ACTS, due to polar coordinates on TGeoTube sides)
 
    // (!) Currently (March 12, 2026), only OT disks are segmented --> use Trapezoidal option for ML disks as a simplified segmentation
    // To be changed to "true" paving with modules, as for the OT disks
 
    std::string chipName = o2::ft3::GeometryTGeo::getFT3ChipPattern() + std::to_string(mLayerNumber);
    std::string sensName = Form("%s_%d_%d", GeometryTGeo::getFT3SensorPattern(), mDirection, mLayerNumber);
    std::string passiveName = o2::ft3::GeometryTGeo::getFT3PassivePattern() + std::to_string(mLayerNumber);
 
    TGeoMedium* medSi = gGeoManager->GetMedium("FT3_SILICON$");
    TGeoMedium* medAir = gGeoManager->GetMedium("FT3_AIR$");
 
    TGeoTube* layer = new TGeoTube(mInnerRadius, mOuterRadius, mChipThickness / 2);
    TGeoVolume* layerVol = new TGeoVolume(mLayerName.c_str(), layer, medAir);
    layerVol->SetLineColor(kGray);
 
    const int NtrapezoidalSegments = ft3Params.nTrapezoidalSegments;
 
    const double dz = mChipThickness / 2;
    const double dzSensor = mSensorThickness / 2;
 
    const double dphi = 2.0 * TMath::Pi() / NtrapezoidalSegments;
    double innerRadiusTrapezoidCorner = mInnerRadius / sin((TMath::Pi() - dphi) / 2); // to ensure that the trapezoid segments do not extend beyond the volume
 
    const double rc = 0.5 * (innerRadiusTrapezoidCorner + mOuterRadius) * TMath::Cos(0.5 * dphi); // radius of tile center
    const double h = 0.5 * (mOuterRadius - innerRadiusTrapezoidCorner) * TMath::Cos(0.5 * dphi);  // half radial length
 
    // chord lengths at inner/outer radii
    const double bl = innerRadiusTrapezoidCorner * TMath::Sin(0.5 * dphi); // half lower base
    const double tl = mOuterRadius * TMath::Sin(0.5 * dphi);               // half upper base
 
    // create trapezoids
    for (int iTr = 0; iTr < NtrapezoidalSegments; ++iTr) {
      // chip volume
      auto trdShapeChip = new TGeoTrap(dz,
                                       0.0, 0.0, // theta, phi
                                       h,        // h1
                                       bl,       // bl1
                                       tl,       // tl1
                                       0.0,      // alpha1
                                       h,        // h2
                                       bl,       // bl2
                                       tl,       // tl2
                                       0.0);     // alpha2
      TGeoVolume* trapezoidChipVolume = new TGeoVolume(chipName.c_str(), trdShapeChip, medSi);
      trapezoidChipVolume->SetLineColor(kCyan);
      trapezoidChipVolume->SetTransparency(50);
 
      // sensor volume
      auto trdShapeSensor = new TGeoTrap(dzSensor,
                                         0.0, 0.0, // theta, phi
                                         h,        // h1
                                         bl,       // bl1
                                         tl,       // tl1
                                         0.0,      // alpha1
                                         h,        // h2
                                         bl,       // bl2
                                         tl,       // tl2
                                         0.0);     // alpha2
      TGeoVolume* trapezoidSensorVolume = new TGeoVolume(sensName.c_str(), trdShapeSensor, medSi);
      trapezoidSensorVolume->SetLineColor(kYellow);
 
      // placing sensor in chip:
      const double zSensorInChip = (dz - dzSensor) * (mZ < 0 ? 1 : -1); // place sensor at the outer face of the chip, towards the incoming particles
      TGeoCombiTrans* transSens = new TGeoCombiTrans();
      transSens->SetTranslation(0, 0, zSensorInChip);
      trapezoidChipVolume->AddNode(trapezoidSensorVolume, iTr, transSens);
 
      // passive volume
      auto trdShapePassive = new TGeoTrap(dz - dzSensor,
                                          0.0, 0.0, // theta, phi
                                          h,        // h1
                                          bl,       // bl1
                                          tl,       // tl1
                                          0.0,      // alpha1
                                          h,        // h2
                                          bl,       // bl2
                                          tl,       // tl2
                                          0.0);     // alpha2
      TGeoVolume* trapezoidPassiveVolume = new TGeoVolume(passiveName.c_str(), trdShapePassive, medSi);
      trapezoidPassiveVolume->SetLineColor(kGray);
 
      // placing passive volume in chip:
      const double zPassiveInChip = (-dzSensor) * (mZ < 0 ? 1 : -1); // place passive volume at the outer face of the chip, towards the incoming particles
      TGeoCombiTrans* transPassive = new TGeoCombiTrans();
      transPassive->SetTranslation(0, 0, zPassiveInChip);
      trapezoidChipVolume->AddNode(trapezoidPassiveVolume, iTr, transPassive);
 
      // prepare placing of chip in layer:
      const double phi_c = (iTr + 0.5) * dphi; // sector center
      const double phi_deg = phi_c * 180.0 / TMath::Pi();
 
      // center of tile
      const double x = rc * TMath::Cos(phi_c);
      const double y = rc * TMath::Sin(phi_c);
      const double z = 0.0;
 
      // local +Y should point radially outward
      auto rot = new TGeoRotation();
      rot->RotateZ(phi_deg - 90.0);
      auto transf = new TGeoCombiTrans(x, y, z, rot);
 
      layerVol->AddNode(trapezoidChipVolume, iTr, transf);
    }
 
    LOG(info) << "Inserting " << NtrapezoidalSegments << " trapezoidal segments (Rmin="
              << mInnerRadius << ", Rmax=" << mOuterRadius << ", z = " << mZ << "cm) inside " << layerVol->GetName();
 
    auto* diskRotation = new TGeoRotation("TrapezoidalDiskRotation", 0, 0, 0);
    auto* diskCombiTrans = new TGeoCombiTrans(0, 0, mZ, diskRotation);
    motherVolume->AddNode(layerVol, 1, diskCombiTrans);
  } else if (ft3Params.layoutFT3 == kCylindrical) {
    // cylindrical ML+OT disks
 
    std::string chipName = o2::ft3::GeometryTGeo::getFT3ChipPattern() + std::to_string(mLayerNumber),
                sensName = Form("%s_%d_%d", GeometryTGeo::getFT3SensorPattern(), mDirection, mLayerNumber);
    TGeoTube* sensor = new TGeoTube(mInnerRadius, mOuterRadius, mChipThickness / 2);
    TGeoTube* chip = new TGeoTube(mInnerRadius, mOuterRadius, mChipThickness / 2);
    TGeoTube* layer = new TGeoTube(mInnerRadius, mOuterRadius, mChipThickness / 2);
 
    TGeoMedium* medSi = gGeoManager->GetMedium("FT3_SILICON$");
    TGeoMedium* medAir = gGeoManager->GetMedium("FT3_AIR$");
 
    TGeoVolume* sensVol = new TGeoVolume(sensName.c_str(), sensor, medSi);
    sensVol->SetLineColor(kYellow);
    TGeoVolume* chipVol = new TGeoVolume(chipName.c_str(), chip, medSi);
    chipVol->SetLineColor(kYellow);
    TGeoVolume* layerVol = new TGeoVolume(mLayerName.c_str(), layer, medAir);
    layerVol->SetLineColor(kYellow);
 
    LOG(info) << "Inserting " << sensVol->GetName() << " inside " << chipVol->GetName();
    chipVol->AddNode(sensVol, 1, nullptr);
 
    LOG(info) << "Inserting " << chipVol->GetName() << " inside " << layerVol->GetName();
    layerVol->AddNode(chipVol, 1, nullptr);
 
    // Finally put everything in the mother volume
    auto* FwdDiskRotation = new TGeoRotation("FwdDiskRotation", 0, 0, 180);
    auto* FwdDiskCombiTrans = new TGeoCombiTrans(0, 0, mZ, FwdDiskRotation);
 
    LOG(info) << "Inserting " << layerVol->GetName() << " inside " << motherVolume->GetName();
    motherVolume->AddNode(layerVol, 1, FwdDiskCombiTrans);
  } else if (ft3Params.layoutFT3 == kSegmented ||
             (ft3Params.layoutFT3 == kSegmentedStaveOTOnly && mIsMiddleLayer)) {
    FT3Module module;
 
    // layer structure
    std::string frontLayerName = o2::ft3::GeometryTGeo::getFT3LayerPattern() + std::to_string(mDirection) + std::to_string(mLayerNumber) + "_Front";
    std::string backLayerName = o2::ft3::GeometryTGeo::getFT3LayerPattern() + std::to_string(mDirection) + std::to_string(mLayerNumber) + "_Back";
    std::string separationLayerName = "FT3SeparationLayer" + std::to_string(mDirection) + std::to_string(mLayerNumber);
 
    TGeoMedium* medAir = gGeoManager->GetMedium("FT3_AIR$");
    TGeoVolume* layerVol = nullptr;
    // Add a little additional room in radius
    TGeoTube* layer = new TGeoTube(mInnerRadius - 0.1, mOuterRadius + 0.1, 1.5);
    layerVol = new TGeoVolume(mLayerName.c_str(), layer, medAir);
    layerVol->SetLineColor(kYellow + 2);
    // createSeparationLayer_waterCooling(motherVolume, separationLayerName);
    createSeparationLayer(layerVol, separationLayerName);
    module.createModule(0, mLayerNumber, mDirection, mInnerRadius, mOuterRadius, 0., "front", "rectangular", layerVol);
    module.createModule(0, mLayerNumber, mDirection, mInnerRadius, mOuterRadius, 0., "back", "rectangular", layerVol);
 
    // Finally put everything in the mother volume
    auto* FwdDiskRotation = new TGeoRotation("FwdDiskRotation", 0, 0, 180);
    // need to shift outwards always, so + forwards and - backwards
    auto* FwdDiskCombiTrans = new TGeoCombiTrans(0, 0, mZ + 0, FwdDiskRotation);
 
    LOG(info) << "Inserting " << layerVol->GetName() << " (Rmin=" << mInnerRadius << ", Rmax=" << mOuterRadius << ", z=" << mZ << "cm) inside " << motherVolume->GetName();
    motherVolume->AddNode(layerVol, 1, FwdDiskCombiTrans);
  } else if (ft3Params.layoutFT3 == kSegmentedStave ||
             ft3Params.layoutFT3 == kSegmentedStaveOTOnly) {
    FT3Module module;
 
    // layer structure
    std::string frontLayerName = o2::ft3::GeometryTGeo::getFT3LayerPattern() + std::to_string(mDirection) + std::to_string(mLayerNumber) + "_Front";
    std::string backLayerName = o2::ft3::GeometryTGeo::getFT3LayerPattern() + std::to_string(mDirection) + std::to_string(mLayerNumber) + "_Back";
    std::string separationLayerName = "FT3SeparationLayer" + std::to_string(mDirection) + std::to_string(mLayerNumber);
 
    TGeoMedium* medAir = gGeoManager->GetMedium("FT3_AIR$");
    TGeoVolume* layerVol = nullptr;
 
    // set up stave config, differs between ML and OT disks
    const Constants::StaveConfig& staveConfig = Constants::getStaveConfig(mIsMiddleLayer);
 
    // need a thicker air layer to encompass the staves (4.5cm high, 1.2cm offsets)
    // stave face is at z=0 (or +-z_offset_stave), meaning that volumes are at
    // ~-+1cm < z < ~+-6cm, the +- referring forward/backward discs
    double z_layer_thickness = // need to shift internally with this
      o2::ft3::ModuleConstants::staveTriangleHeight +
      o2::ft3::ModuleConstants::z_offsetStave(staveConfig.x_midpoint_spacing) +
      o2::ft3::ModuleConstants::siliconThickness +
      o2::ft3::ModuleConstants::copperThickness +
      o2::ft3::ModuleConstants::kaptonThickness +
      o2::ft3::ModuleConstants::epoxyThickness * 2 +
      0.5; // add some extra room to ensure all volumes are encapsulated
 
    // shift stave volumes into layer volume, since nominal z_{stave face} = 0
    double z_local_offset = z_layer_thickness / 2.0;
    // ensure staves fully encapsulated in the layer volume,
    // but don't cross out of max nominal radii of 38.5cm & 71.5cm respectively (3.5cm tolerance)
    // MvL: try 70.5 // 2.5 cm tolerance instead
    TGeoTube* layer = new TGeoTube(mInnerRadius - 0.2, mOuterRadius + 2.49, z_layer_thickness / 2);
    layerVol = new TGeoVolume(mLayerName.c_str(), layer, medAir);
 
    if (ft3Params.drawReferenceCircles) {
      std::string referenceCirclesName = "ReferenceCircles_Dir" + std::to_string(mDirection) + "_Layer" + std::to_string(mLayerNumber);
      createReferenceCircles(layerVol, referenceCirclesName); // for visualization purposes
    }
 
    // need the -0.5 added to local offset to ensure all sensor modules are inside the layer
    module.createModule_staveGeo(0., mLayerNumber, mDirection, mInnerRadius,
                                 mOuterRadius, z_local_offset, staveConfig, layerVol);
    // Finally put everything in the mother volume
    auto* FwdDiskRotation = new TGeoRotation("FwdDiskRotation", 0, 0, 180);
    // need to shift outwards always, so + forwards and - backwards
    double z_offset_directional = mDirection ? z_local_offset : -z_local_offset;
    auto* FwdDiskCombiTrans = new TGeoCombiTrans(0, 0, mZ + z_offset_directional, FwdDiskRotation);
 
    LOG(info) << "Inserting " << layerVol->GetName() << " (Rmin=" << mInnerRadius << ", Rmax=" << mOuterRadius << ", z=" << mZ << "cm, segmented disk with staves) inside " << motherVolume->GetName();
 
    motherVolume->AddNode(layerVol, 1, FwdDiskCombiTrans);
  } else {
    LOG(fatal) << "Unknown FT3 layout option: " << static_cast<int>(ft3Params.layoutFT3);
  }
}